miércoles, 31 de marzo de 2010

ENTREVISTA-Asia enfrenta amenaza enfermedad por animales, virus


ENTREVISTA-Asia enfrenta amenaza enfermedad por animales, virus
miércoles 31 de marzo de 2010 10:38 GYT Por Tan Ee Lyn

SINGAPUR (Reuters) - Asia enfrenta una doble amenaza para la salud pública por las enfermedades infecciosas provenientes de animales y la emergencia de cepas de virus resistentes a fármacos que dificultan el tratamiento, dijo un funcionario de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).

Henk Bekedam, jefe del sector de desarrollo de la agencia de Naciones Unidas, dijo que el 75 por ciento de las nuevas enfermedades como H1N1, H5N1 y el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS por sus siglas en inglés) provienen de animales y que la mejor manera de prevenir su propagación es separar adecuadamente a los animales de los humanos.

"En China, Camboya, Tailandia, Laos, Vietnam, los animales siguen estando muy cerca de las personas", dijo Bekedam a Reuters en una entrevista el miércoles, al margen de una conferencia de salud en Singapur.

"Estas son cuestiones que tenemos que afrontar y, luego del SARS, sabemos acerca de la necesidad de compartir la información", añadió.

La cercana proximidad entre humanos y animales permite que los virus y otros microorganismos salten la barrera de las especies. Un ejemplo de esto fue lo ocurrido con el virus del SARS, que se propagó por todo el mundo en el 2003 y causó la muerte de más de 800 personas.

Los expertos temen desde hace tiempo que el virus H5N1 de la gripe aviaria desate una pandemia, aunque aún sigue siendo una enfermedad mayormente confinada a las aves.

El contacto cotidiano de las personas con aves de corral permitió que el H5N1 salte la barrera de las especies e infecte a humanos, que tienen una tasa de mortalidad del 60 por ciento por el virus.

La OMS declaró una pandemia cuando el aún vigente virus H1N1 de la gripe porcina comenzó a expandirse por todo el mundo el año pasado, pero muchas personas tendieron a minimizar el evento porque su tasa de mortalidad es relativamente baja y las personas que lo contraen sufren síntomas leves.

Sin embargo, Bekedam dijo que el virus sigue causando un número sustancial de muertes, muchas de ellas entre niños y personas con condiciones médicas subyacentes, como asma y obesidad, que hubieran sobrevivido de no ser por el virus.

En Asia, el uso incorrecto de fármacos contra enfermedades críticas como el VIH y la tuberculosis (TB) también está generando una resistencia a los medicamentos, una peligrosa tendencia que, según Bekedam, debe ser controlada por los estados miembros.

"En los países pobres, la gente compra lo que puede y a menudo no termina el tratamiento, por eso, estas enfermedades se tornan muy peligrosas, como la TB resistente a los fármacos", dijo.

Los fármacos para combatir la TB y el VIH tienen que tomarse a tiempo. Y si no se completa el tratamiento, los productos suelen no tener buenos resultados en el paciente, lo que provoca la necesidad de recurrir a medicamentos más fuertes que pueden no estar disponibles.

Si bien Bekedam se negó a citar países específicos que sufren este problema, dijo: "La resistencia al VIH es muy importante y la OMS aconseja a los estados miembros que sigan de cerca el tema".

En cuanto a la TB, el funcionario sostuvo que el tipo resistente a los fármacos era prevalente en lugares donde los programas contra la enfermedad habían fracasado en el pasado.

"Estamos pagando las consecuencias porque varios sistemas de salud no pudieron ofrecer los programas adecuadamente. No fueron lo suficientemente efectivos, (los pacientes) no terminaron el tratamiento", dijo.
(Editado en español por Gabriela Donoso)
© Thomson Reuters 2010 All rights reserved.

Recommended adult immunization schedule: United States, 2010.


GUIDELINE TITLE
Recommended adult immunization schedule: United States, 2010.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S)
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Recommended adult immunization schedule: United States, 2010. Ann Intern Med 2010 Jan 5;152(1):36-9. PubMed


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommended adult immunization schedule - United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010 Jan 15;59(1):1-4.


GUIDELINE STATUS
This is the current release of the guideline.

This guideline updates a previous version: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Recommended adult immunization schedule: United States, 2009*. Ann Intern Med 2009 Jan 6;150(1):40-4.

open here to see the full-text:
http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=15493&nbr=&string=

First-line Systemic Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Bevacizumab Treatment: Guideline Recommendations


Evidence-Based Series #7-10 Version 2.2010: Section 1
First-line Systemic Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Bevacizumab Treatment: Guideline Recommendations
J. Goffin, N, Coakley, C. Lacchetti, P.M. Ellis, Y.C. Ung, W.K. Evans,
and the Lung Cancer Disease Site Group (DSG)


A Quality Initiative of the Program in Evidence-Based Care (PEBC), Cancer Care Ontario (CCO)

The guideline recommendations contained in Section 1 of this Evidence-based Series replace recommendations in previous versions of guideline #7-10. These updated recommendations are based on a new systematic review of the relevant data from January 2007 to October 2009 (Section 2A) plus the original evidence up to July 2005 (Section 2B).

Current Report Date: February 3, 2010
Original Report Date: May 22, 2009

open here to see the full-text: [pdf, 10 pages]
http://www.cancercare.on.ca/common/pages/UserFile.aspx?fileId=45735

SOLUTIONS® wound care algorithm.


GUIDELINE TITLE
SOLUTIONS® wound care algorithm.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S)
ConvaTec. SOLUTIONS wound care algorithm. Princeton (NJ): ConvaTec; 2008. 8 p.

GUIDELINE STATUS
This is the current release of the guideline.

This guideline updates a previous version: ConvaTec. SOLUTIONS wound care algorithm. Princeton (NJ): ConvaTec; 2005. 8 p.

open here to see the full-text:
http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=13559&nbr=&string=

Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis


Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

Section 5. Guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with phototherapy and photochemotherapy

Alan Menter, MD,a Neil J. Korman, MD, PhD,b Craig A. Elmets, MD,c Steven R. Feldman, MD, PhD,d Joel M. Gelfand, MD, MSCE,e Kenneth B. Gordon, MD,f Alice Gottlieb, MD, PhD,g John Y. M. Koo, MD,h Mark Lebwohl, MD,i Henry W. Lim, MD,j Abby S. Van Voorhees, MD,k Karl R. Beutner, MD, PhD,l,m and Reva Bhushan, PhDn Dallas, Texas; Cleveland, Ohio; Birmingham, Alabama; Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania; Chicago, Illinois; Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco and Palo Alto, California; New York, New York; Detroit, Michigan; and Schaumburg, Illinois


Psoriasis is a common, chronic, inflammatory, multisystem disease with predominantly skin and joint manifestations affecting approximately 2% of the population. In this fifth of 6 sections of the guidelines of care for psoriasis, we discuss the use of ultraviolet (UV) light therapy for the treatment of patients with psoriasis.

Treatment should be tailored to meet individual patients’ needs.We will discuss in detail the efficacy and safety as well as offer recommendations for the use of phototherapy, including narrowband and broadband UVB and photochemotherapy using psoralen plusUVA, alone and in combination with topical and systemic agents.

We will also discuss the available data for the use of the excimer laser in the targeted treatment of psoriasis.

Finally, where available, we will summarize the available data that compare the safety and efficacy of the different forms of UV light therapy. ( J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;62:114-35.)

open here to see the full-text, pdf, 22 pages:
http://www.aad.org/research/guidelines/_doc/pso5phototherapy.pdf

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD): PULMONARY REHABILITATION


NATIONAL GUIDELINE CLEARINGHOUSE™ (NGC)
GUIDELINE SYNTHESIS
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD): PULMONARY REHABILITATION
GUIDELINES BEING COMPARED


1. American College of Chest Physicians/American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (ACCP/AACVPR). Pulmonary rehabilitation: joint ACCP/AACVPR evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2007 May;131(5 Suppl):4S-42S. [211 references]
http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=10856&nbr=005669

2. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bethesda (MD): Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD); 2008. 94 p. [435 references]
http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=14175&nbr=007082

3. Singapore Ministry of Health (SMOH). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Singapore: Singapore Ministry of Health; 2006 Oct. 84 p. [155 references]
http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=10223&nbr=005386

4. Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense (VA/DoD). VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of outpatient chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Washington (DC): Department of Veteran Affairs, Department of Defense; 2007. 138 p.
http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=12925&nbr=006639


open here to see the full-text:
http://www.guideline.gov/Compare/comparison.aspx?file=COPD_Pulmonary_Rehab4.inc

Faecal incontinence: the management of faecal incontinence in adults.


GUIDELINE TITLE
Faecal incontinence: the management of faecal incontinence in adults.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S)
National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care. Faecal incontinence: the management of faecal incontinence in adults. London (UK): National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE); 2007. 146 p. [444 references]


GUIDELINE STATUS
This is the current release of the guideline.

open here to see the full-text:
http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=10951&nbr=&string=

ambrisentan - EPARs for human use



FICHA FARMACOLÓGICA de ambrisentan. Contiene la Monografía en distintos idiomas (de la Unión Europea), así como la discusión científica que sustenta su aprobación terapéutica. Para acceder a la monografía en idioma español, hacer doble clik en la sigla (es) en la fila que se sitúa más abajo del centro de la página oficial. Se recuerda que todas las informaciones científico-clínicas, así como técnicas propias de la producción, sólo se publican en idioma inglés. Cerasale. MARZO 31, 2010.-

abrir aquí para acceder al documento EMA completo:
http://www.ema.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/volibris/volibris.htm

Active Substance
ambrisentan
International Nonproprietary Name or Common Name
ambrisentan
Pharmaco-therapeutic Group
Other anti-hypertensives
ATC Code
CO2KX02

Therapeutic Indication:
Volibris is indicated for the treatment of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) classified as WHO functional class II and III, to improve exercise capacity. Efficacy has been shown in idiopathic PAH (IPAH) and in PAH associated with connective tissue disease.


Date of issue of Marketing Authorisation valid throughout the European Union
21 April 2008

Orphan medicinal product designation date
11 April 2005


EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use

Docetaxel - EPARs for human use [REVISIÓN Y ACTUALIZACIÓN MONOGRÁFICA]



FICHA FARMACOLÓGICA de Docetaxel. Contiene la Monografía en distintos idiomas (de la Unión Europea), así como la discusión científica que sustenta su aprobación terapéutica. Para acceder a la monografía en idioma español, hacer doble clik en la sigla (es) en la fila que se sitúa más abajo del centro de la página oficial. Se recuerda que todas las informaciones científico-clínicas, así como técnicas propias de la producción, sólo se publican en idioma inglés. Cerasale. MARZO 31, 2010.-

abrir aquí para acceder al documento EMA completo:
http://www.ema.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/taxotere/taxotere.htm

Active Substance
Docetaxel
International Nonproprietary Name or Common Name
Docetaxel
Pharmaco-therapeutic Group
Taxanes
ATC Code
L01CD 02

Therapeutic Indications:
Breast cancer

TAXOTERE in combination with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide is indicated for the adjuvant treatment of patients with operable node‑positive breast cancer.

TAXOTERE in combination with doxorubicin is indicated for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who have not previously received cytotoxic therapy for this condition.

TAXOTERE monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer after failure of cytotoxic therapy. Previous chemotherapy should have included an anthracycline or an alkylating agent.

TAXOTERE in combination with trastuzumab is indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer whose tumours over express HER2 and who previously have not received chemotherapy for metastatic disease.

TAXOTERE in combination with capecitabine is indicated for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer after failure of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Previous therapy should have included an anthracycline.

Non-small cell lung cancer

TAXOTERE is indicated for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer after failure of prior chemotherapy.

TAXOTERE in combination with cisplatin is indicated for the treatment of patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, in patients who have not previously received chemotherapy for this condition.

Prostate cancer

TAXOTERE in combination with prednisone or prednisolone is indicated for the treatment of patients with hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer.

Gastric adenocarcinoma

TAXOTERE in combination with cisplatin and 5‑fluorouracil is indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma, including adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction, who have not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease.

Head and neck cancer

TAXOTERE in combination with cisplatin and 5‑fluorouracil is indicated for the induction treatment of patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.


Date of issue of Marketing Authorisation valid throughout the European Union
27 November 1995

Orphan medicinal product designation date
Not applicable

EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use

Iloprost - EPARs for human use



FICHA FARMACOLÓGICA de Iloprost. Contiene la Monografía en distintos idiomas (de la Unión Europea), así como la discusión científica que sustenta su aprobación terapéutica. Para acceder a la monografía en idioma español, hacer doble clik en la sigla (es) en la fila que se sitúa más abajo del centro de la página oficial. Se recuerda que todas las informaciones científico-clínicas, así como técnicas propias de la producción, sólo se publican en idioma inglés. Cerasale. MARZO 31, 2010.-

abrir aquí para acceder al documento EMA completo:
http://www.ema.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/ventavis/ventavis.htm

Active Substance
Iloprost
International Nonproprietary Name or Common Name
Iloprost
Pharmaco-therapeutic Group
Platelet aggregation inhibitiors excluding heparin
ATC Code
B01AC11

Therapeutic Indication:
Treatment of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension, classified as NYHA functional class III, to improve exercise capacity and symptoms.

Date of issue of Marketing Authorisation valid throughout the European Union
16 September 2003

Orphan medicinal product designation date
29 December 2000


EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use

clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate / acetylsalicylic acid [2] - EPARs for human use



FICHA FARMACOLÓGICA de clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate / acetylsalicylic acid. Contiene la Monografía en distintos idiomas (de la Unión Europea), así como la discusión científica que sustenta su aprobación terapéutica. Para acceder a la monografía en idioma español, hacer doble clik en la sigla (es) en la fila que se sitúa más abajo del centro de la página oficial. Se recuerda que todas las informaciones científico-clínicas, así como técnicas propias de la producción, sólo se publican en idioma inglés. Cerasale. MARZO 31, 2010.-

abrir aquí para acceder al documento EMA completo:
http://www.ema.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/duocover/duocover.htm

Active Substance
clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate / acetylsalicylic acid
International Nonproprietary Name or Common Name
clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate / acetylsalicylic acid
Pharmaco-therapeutic Group
Platelet aggregation inhibitors excl. heparin
ATC Code
B01AC30

Therapeutic Indication:
DuoCover is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients already taking both clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). DuoCover is a fixed-dose combination medicinal product for continuation of therapy in:
• Non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction) including patients undergoing a stent placement following percutaneous coronary intervention

• ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction in medically treated patients eligible for thrombolytic therapy

Date of issue of Marketing Authorisation valid throughout the European Union
15 March 2010

Orphan medicinal product designation date
n/a


EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use

clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate / acetylsalicylic acid - EPARs for human use



FICHA FARMACOLÓGICA de clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate / acetylsalicylic acid. Contiene la Monografía en distintos idiomas (de la Unión Europea), así como la discusión científica que sustenta su aprobación terapéutica. Para acceder a la monografía en idioma español, hacer doble clik en la sigla (es) en la fila que se sitúa más abajo del centro de la página oficial. Se recuerda que todas las informaciones científico-clínicas, así como técnicas propias de la producción, sólo se publican en idioma inglés. Cerasale. MARZO 31, 2010.-

abrir aquí para acceder al documento EMA completo:
http://www.ema.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/duoplavin/duoplavin.htm

Active Substance
clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate / acetylsalicylic acid

International Nonproprietary Name or Common Name
clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate / acetylsalicylic acid

Pharmaco-therapeutic Group
Platelet aggregation inhibitors excl. heparin


ATC Code
B01AC30

Therapeutic Indication:
DuoPlavin is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients already taking both clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). DuoPlavin is a fixed-dose combination medicinal product for continuation of therapy in:

Non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction) including patients undergoing a stent placement following percutaneous coronary intervention
ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction in medically treated patients eligible for thrombolytic therapy


Date of issue of Marketing Authorisation valid throughout the European Union
15 March 2010

Orphan medicinal product designation date
n/a


EPARs for authorised medicinal products for human use

DIRECTORIO DE DOCUMENTOS EDITADOS EN MARZO 2010

DIRECTORIO DE DOCUMENTOS EDITADOS EN MARZO 2010

CIENCIAS MÉDICAS NEWS
CIENCIAS MÉDICAS APLICADAS
RESEARCH & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT

http://elbiruniblogspotcom.blogspot.com
http://saludequitativa.blogspot.com
http://herenciageneticayenfermedad.blogspot.com

Consultas acumuladas desde enero 2009 a la fecha: 160.500
Discriminadas como sigue:
1. ARGENTINA: 26.529 [16,5%]
2. ESPAÑA: 26.310 [16,4%]
3. MÉXICO: 23.069 [14,4%]
4. U.S.A.: 15.403 [9,6%]
5. VENEZUELA: 9.483 [5,9%]
6. PERÚ: 9.442 [5,9%]
7. COLOMBIA: 9.414 [5,9%]
8. CHILE: 5.608 [3,5%]
9. ECUADOR: 4.055 [2,5%]
10. BOLIVIA: 2.923 [1,8%]
11. LOS DEMÁS: 28.276 [17,6%]
Total de consultas: 160.512

Documentos del mes de marzo: 497
Documentos acumulados en 2010: 1.352
ARCHIVO DEL BLOG
• ▼ 2010 (1352)
o ▼ marzo (497)
 497. A High Proportion of DNA Variants of BRCA1 and BRC...
 496. Applying the GRADE Approach: Perspective from the ...
 495. American Society of Clinical Oncology Titles
 494. Alcohol Consumption & Cancer Risk
 493. polidocanol: FDA Approves Asclera to Treat Small V...
 492. Initial Genomics of the Human Nucleolus
 491. New Genetic Testing Registry announced
 490. No More Dialysis: Immunologists Develop Method To ...
 489. What Makes You Unique? Not Genes So Much As Surrou...
 488. New Test May Allow Screening For Fragile X Syndrom...
 487. Genes May Exert Opposite Effects In Diabetes And I...
 486. Probable better genetic test for autism discovered...
 485. HIV/AIDS Update - Expanded indication for Viread, ...
 484. WUPyV in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Inf...
 483. Influenza Virus Transmission from Horses to Dogs, ...
 482. Intestinal Capillariasis, Western Mindanao, the Ph...
 481. Standards for Securing the Drug Supply Chain - Sta...
 480. Analysis of Crude Heparin by HPLC/SAX for Oversulf...
 479. Screening for osteoporosis in the adult U.S. popul...
 478. Spinal cord injury (SCI). Evidence-based nutrition...
 477. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Evidence-base...
 476. Celiac disease (CD). Evidence-based nutrition prac...
 475. Research Suggests Food Availability Could Prompt A...
 474. Insights into Managing Type 2 Diabetes
 473. Comparing Models that Assess Breast Cancer Risk
 472. Psychopathic Traits Linked to Brain Reward System
 471. Gene Rejuvenates Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Immorta...
 470. Q&A on Rotarix® Vaccine for Healthcare Providers a...
 469. Buruli Ulcer, Central African Republic
 468. Cholera Outbreak, Laos, 2007
 467. Bartonella spp. Infections, Thailand
 466. Clostridium difficile in Ground Meat, France
 465. Panton-Valentine Leukocidin–Positive MRSA, Shangha...
 464. 16S rRNA Methyltransferase RmtC in Salmonella ente...
 463. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Breeding Turkeys, Valparai...
 462. Novel Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Domestic Cats...
 461. Porcine-Origin Gentamicin-Resistant Enterococcus f...
 460. Hypervirulent Clostridium difficile Strains in Hos...
 459. Fluoroquinolone Resistance and Clostridium diffici...
 458. Innovative Uses for Syndromic Surveillance
 457. Escherichia albertii in Wild and Domestic Birds
 456. Phylogenetic Analysis of Enterohemorrhagic Escheri...
 455. Clostridium difficile Infections among Hospitalize...
 454. human rotavirus, live attenuated / EPARs for human...
 453. Livestock-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphyl...
 452. Denialism: How Irrational Thinking Hinders Scienti...
 451. Buruli Ulcer Lesions in HIV-Positive Patient
 450. Public Health Agencies Warn of Outbreaks Related t...
 449. New diabetes figures in China: IDF press statement...
 448. Contribution of Streptococcus anginosus to Infecti...
 447. Plasmodium knowlesi in Human, Indonesian Borneo
 446. Factors Influencing Emerging Infectious Diseases i...
 445. Enabling Patient-Centered Care through Health Info...
 444. Community-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphyl...
 443. COMMUNICATIONS, EDUCATION, AND BEHAVIORAL STUDIES ...
 442. Aberration Detection Updates 16th Semiannual Meeti...
 441. 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccine with Long-Dated Expira...
 440. 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) in Pregnant Women...
 439. Rapid Antigen Test for Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus
 438. Possible transmission of pandemic (HIN1) 2009 viru...
 437. 1918 and 2009 Pandemic Influenza Viruses Lack a Su...
 436. Rapid Development of Drug-Resistant 2009 H1N1 Infl...
 435. Public Health Agencies Collaborate to Prevent Furt...
 434. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 93
 433. User Fee Billable Biologic Products and Potencies ...
 432. Mechanisms of Chromosomal Instability
 431. Prostate Cancer Genes Associated With TMPRSS2-ERG ...
 430. Risk Of A Second Breast Cancer May Be Increased By...
 429. Testing common genetic variants for breast cancer ...
 428. Clinical utility of gene expression profiling in l...
 427. New Theory Of Down Syndrome May Lead To New Therap...
 426. Researchers Identify 2 Genes Linked to Fatty Liver...
 425. Genes associated with blood clotting
 424. Study Links Genetic Variation To Possible Protecti...
 423. Study finds genes that keep watch on blood clottin...
 422. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Among U.S. Travelers to Eu...
 421. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Breastfeeding Ini...
 420. 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) in Pregnant Women...
 419. rifaximin: FDA Approves New Use of Xifaxan for Pat...
 418. Diet Quality Worsens as Alcohol Intake Increases
 417. lacosamide - EPARs for human use
 416. degarelix - EPARs for human use
 415. Olanzapine - EPARs for human use
 414. Updated Exercise and Physical Activity Tips for Ol...
 413. Statement of Christine F. Sizemore, Ph.D. and Anth...
 412. 1918 and 2009 Pandemic Influenza Viruses Lack a Su...
 411. Shaping systems for better behavioral choices: les...
 410. Medical, Statistical, and Clinical Pharmacology Re...
 409. clopidogrel - EPARs for human use
 408. Insulin human (rDNA) - EPARs for human use
 407. Recently Updated Advisory Committee Materials
 406. NCCN Resource Tool: Risk Evaluation & Mitigation S...
 405. Recently Updated Advisory Committee Material
 404. Todo sobre la campaña de vacunación 2010 (Influenz...
 403. Urinary tract infections in renal insufficiency, t...
 402. Urinary tract infections in children. In: Guidelin...
 401. Urethritis. In: Guidelines on urological infection...
 400. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections in adults. ...
 399. Specific infections. In: Guidelines on urological ...
 398. Sexually transmitted infections. In: Guidelines on...
 397. Sepsis syndrome in urology (urosepsis). In: Guidel...
 396. Prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. In: ...
 395. Peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis in urolog...
 394. Epididymitis and orchitis. In: Guidelines on urolo...
 393. Complicated urinary tract infections due to urolog...
 392. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. In: ...
 391. Nuevo enfoque en la lucha contra la tuberculosis
 390. Estudio para acelerar el lanzamiento de cinco fárm...
 389. C. DIFFICILE, NOSOCOMIAL, DESPLAZAMIENTO DE SARM -...
 388. INFLUENZA, H1N1, MUERTE DE PACIENTE - HONDURAS
 387. VIH/SIDA, CIRCUNCISIÓN, NO PREVENTIVA EN HOMOSEXUA...
 386. VACUNA DE ROTAVIRUS, CONTAMINACIÓN, CIRCOVIRUS - E...
 385. LEISHMANIASIS TEGUMENTARIA, BROTE - VENEZUELA (MIR...
 384. SARM, MENOR RIESGO DE INFECIÓN, BAÑOS CON CLORHEXI...
 383. Dosage and Administration Section of Labeling for ...
 382. Irritable Bowel Syndrome — Clinical Evaluation of ...
 381. Patient safety research: an overview of the global...
 380. Medication Errors with the Dosing of Insulin: Prob...
 379. Genetically-Defined Deficiency of Mannose-Binding ...
 378. 2010 Immunization News
 377. Urinary Incontinence
 376. Diagnosis and Management of Primary Sclerosing Cho...
 375. ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF URINARY INCONTINENCE ...
 374. Resting May Boost Memory
 373. How Mosquitos Get a Whiff of Humans
 372. Gene Linked to Food Allergy-Related Disorder
 371. Withdrawals of Application - Medicinal Products fo...
 370. Human Medicines - CHMP Summaries of Opinion
 369. Recombinant coagulation Factor IX - EPARs for huma...
 368. Temozolomide - EPARs for human use
 367. moroctocog alfa - EPARs for human use
 366. vildagliptin / metformin hydrochloride [2] - EPARs...
 365. vicandra / metformin hydrochloride - EPARs for hum...
 364. gefitinib - EPARs for human use
 363. vildagliptin / metaformin hydrochloride - EPARs fo...
 362. HIV/AIDS Update - Upcoming FDA Advisory Committee ...
 361. Fatalities Reported to FDA Following Blood Collect...
 360. Rotarix Vaccine: Recommendation to suspend use-Pre...
 359. How Junk DNA Affects Heart Disease
 358. Gut Bacteria May Influence Metabolic Syndrome
 357. First Genes Tied to Stuttering
 356. Best Treatment Differs for Kids With Asthma
 355. Mosquito Defense Mechanism Protects Malaria Parasi...
 354. Whole-Genome Analyses Pinpoint Disease Genes in Fa...
 353. Insights into Managing Type 2 Diabetes
 352. A Clinical Perspective of Autoinflammatory Disease...
 351. National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC) Meeting...
 350. Drug Information Update- FDA Drug Info: Drug Safet...
 349. Immunization Schedules by CDC
 348. Components of Extraneous Virus Detected in Rotarix...
 347. Women´s BodyWorks Evaluation Final Report
 346. How do I report a problem with an FDA-regulated pr...
 345. Changes In Muscle Cell Structure Can Affect Gene E...
 344. New statistical method for genetic studies
 343. Database to Fill Information Gaps and Serve as Res...
 342. Level of Gene Alters Risk of Alzheimer's Disease, ...
 341. Chromosome linked to diabetics’ heart risks
 340. Genetic Testing for Cancer Risk Not Clinically Use...
 339. CDC and the Arthritis Foundation Launch the 1st Na...
 329. Sources of potential systemic lupus erythematosus
 328. Marketing Authorisation (MA) Withdrawals and Suspe...
 327. Effects of lifestyle and exposures are mirrored in...
 326. First whole-genome sequencing for rare genetic dis...
 325. Sequencing Genome Of Entire Family Reveals Parents...
 324. Family history is strong predictor of obstructive ...
 323. Research Team Identifies Genes Linked To Ulcerativ...
 322. Asian cancer genomic research initiative
 321. Science Report - Revista Digital de CEDEPAP TV - ...
 320. Gene Expression-Based Prognostic Signatures In Lun...
 319. Subsidios para Investigación Médica
 318. Hereditary Condition Causing Limb Weakness Traced ...
 317. Bench to Bassinet Program Seeks Congenital Heart D...
 316. A better genetic test for autism
 315. Autism Consortium study in Pediatrics shows CMA fi...
 314. Human Medicines - CHMP Opinions on Referrals
 313. Human Medicines - CHMP Summaries of Opinion
 312. Recently Updated Advisory Committee Materials
 311. Tissue Reference Group
 310. Triplet births - trends in mortality and care
 309. simvastatin: increased risk of muscle injury with ...
 308. Drug Information Update - FDA Warns about Increase...
 307. DENGUE, AUMENTO MARCADO DE CASOS - ECUADOR
 306. INFLUENZA, H1N1, REAPARICIÓN - PERÚ (TRUJILLO)
 305. DENGUE, CONSTRUCCIONES DE INMUEBLES, AUMENTO DE CA...
 304. TUBERCULOSIS, MULTIDROGORESISTENTE, CASOS, MUERTES...
 303. TUBERCULOSIS, AUMENTO MARCADO - REINO UNIDO [ISID/...
 302. Grupo Canadá pide acción por "catastrófica" tasa t...
 301. Manual de Alergia a los Medicamentos [un documento...
 300. Recently Updated Advisory Committee Materials
 299. Health Literacy Research Funding Opportunities
 298. carglumic acid: to treat a condition that results ...
 297. NHGRI Launches Genomic Careers Resource for Studen...
 296. NIH Announces Genetic Testing Registry
 295. Adding Common Genetic Variants to Breast Cancer Ri...
 294. World Water Day --- March 22, 2010
 293. Use of a Reduced (4-Dose) Vaccine Schedule for Pos...
 292. Notice to Readers: Additional Information Regardin...
 291. Launch of TB Genotyping Information Management Sys...
 290. Announcements: Release of Issue Brief: Unintention...
 289. Investigational Heptavalent Botulinum Antitoxin (H...
 288. Monitoring Tuberculosis Programs --- National Tube...
 287. Decrease in Reported Tuberculosis Cases --- United...
 286. World TB Day
 285. Unintentional Drug Poisoning: News from CDC's Inju...
 284. Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Impaired Renal F...
 283. Treatment and Recommendations for Homeless Patient...
 282. VACCINES TO PREVENT HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS update
 281. ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES VACCI...
 280. Human medicines - Orphan medicinal products
 279. aztreonam - EPARs for human use
 278. The 1999–2006 United States Cancer Statistics (USC...
 277. NIH Clinical Center to Open State-of-the-Art Pharm...
 276. One Flu for One Health
 275. Patients with Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Intensive Ca...
 274. Risk for Transmission of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Viru...
 273. Morbid Obesity as a Risk Factor for Hospitalizatio...
 272. Factors Associated With Death or Hospitalization D...
 271. Critical Care Services and 2009 H1N1 Influenza in ...
 270. Critically Ill Patients With 2009 Influenza A(H1N1...
 269. Morbid Obesity as a Risk Factor for Hospitalizatio...
 268. The Risk Communicator by CDC
 267. FDA Update on the Investigation into the Salmonell...
 266. WHO guidelines for pharmacological management of p...
 265. SCREENING FOR CERVICAL CANCER
 264. Management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic...
 263. Screening for depression in adults
 262. Mumps Outbreaks by CDC
 261. Evidence-Based Practices: Shaping Mental Health Se...
 260. Evidence-Based Practices: Shaping Mental Health Se...
 259. Evidence-Based Practices: Shaping Mental Health [3...
 258. Evidence-Based Practices: Shaping Mental Health Se...
 257. Evidence-Based Practices: Shaping Mental Health Se...
 256. Sodium oxybate - EPARs for human use
 255. Questions and Answers for Consumers about FDA's Ac...
 254. Melanoma Transcriptome Reveals Novel Genomic Alter...
 253. Genetic health risks in children of assisted repro...
 252. Gene May Be Among Most Influential Factors in Down...
 251. Genetic factors and cardiovascular risk prediction...
 250. Screening Cancer Genomes for the Driver Mutations ...
 249. Targeting Leukaemia Cell's Gene 'addiction' Presen...
 248. Knowing Your Colon Cancer Family History Could Sav...
 247. Comparative Effectiveness of Angiotensin Convertin...
 246. Breast cancer genome study launching
 245. Mitochondrial genetic heterogeneity in normal and ...
 244. Improvements Needed In Genomic Test Result Discuss...
 243. Clinical Genetic Testing for Patients With Autism ...
 242. Stem cell transplantation in adults: recommendatio...
 241. National Institutes of Health Consensus Developmen...
 240. Identification and management of familial hypercho...
 239. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Diagnosi...
 238. Stroke. Diagnosis and initial management of acute ...
 237. Metastatic spinal cord compression. Diagnosis and ...
 236. Cervical cytology screening / American College of ...
 235. Patients Who Take a Proton-Pump Inhibitor with Med...
 234. 2009-2010 Influenza Season Week 9 ending March 6, ...
 233. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 91
 232. Statement to Healthcare Professionals on the ACCOR...
 231. First Inherited Prostate Cancer Genetic Mutation F...
 230. In U.S. Imaging First, Prenatal MRI Detects Rare G...
 229. Researchers Identify Previously Unrecognized Genet...
 228. Studies On Nutrients And Gene Expression Could Lea...
 227. How the human genome folds in 3-D
 226. Low Tolerance for Pain May Be Genetic
 225. The molecular genetic basis of ovarian cancer and ...
 224. 1-2-year Surveillance Intervals Reduce Risk of Col...
 223. Surveillance Lessons from First-wave Pandemic (H1N...
 222. Neurologic Manifestations of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 ...
 221. Rhabdomyolysis and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Pneumonia ...
 220. Rare Influenza A (H3N2) Variants with Reduced Sens...
 219. besilesomab - EPARs for human use - Technetium (99...
 218. Withdrawals of Application - Medicinal Products fo...
 217. Finding Charcot-Marie-Tooth gene ends a quest and ...
 216. Genetic cause discovered for rare bleeding disorde...
 215. Disease Cause Is Pinpointed With Genome
 214. A fingerprint for genes
 213. Mathematical innovation turns blood draw into info...
 212. New Approach to Immune Cell Analysis Seen as First...
 211. Food Allergy-Related Disorder Linked to Master All...
 210. A Deep Look Into Population Variation In Gene Acti...
 209. Lynch Syndrome EGAPP Recommendation
 208. Focus on Heart Health
 207. DENGUE, EPIDEMIA: ACTUALIZACIÓN - PARAGUAY
 206. DENGUE, REINTRODUCCIÓN - ECUADOR (GALÁPAGOS)
 205. ROTAVIRUS, DIARREAS: ALERTA EPIDEMIOLÓGICA, OPS - ...
 204. SALMONELLA TYPHI, BIOFILMS, RESERVORIO EN CÁLCULOS...
 203. Effectiveness of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone ...
 202. Recombinant Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBs...
 201. Measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine (liv...
 200. measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (live) - EPARs ...
 199. rotavirus vaccine, live, oral - EPARs for human us...
 198. follitropin beta - EPARs for human use
 197. Notice to Providers Concerning Potential Cases of ...
 196. Vaccine Excipient & Media Summary, Part 2 Excipien...
 195. Japanese Encephalitis (3/01/10) Updated
 194. Anthrax (3/10/10) Updated
 193. The MedWatch February 2010 Drug Safety Labeling Ch...
 192. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) ...
 191. Market Withdrawal of Chiron RIBA HCV 3.0 SIA
 190. WITHDRAWAL ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR ONCOPHAGE
 189. Questions and answers on the recommendation for th...
 188. Nitisinone - EPARs for human use
 187. Thyrotropin alfa - EPARs for human use
 186. HIV/AIDS Update - Intelence (etravirine) label rev...
 185. Medicines for children [update march 12, 2010] II/...
 184. Medicines for children [update march 12, 2010] I/I...
 183. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children Be...
 182. Counterfeit Polypropylene Surgical Mesh: Counterfe...
 181. AUTISM update
 180. clopidogrel: Reduced effectiveness in patients who...
 179. Licensure of a 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Va...
 178. FDA Hepatitis Update - Follow-up about planned FDA...
 177. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Ongoing safety revi...
 176. NIAID Media Availability: Vaccinating Children aga...
 175. Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
 174. Licensure of a Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Me...
 173. Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication --- Afgh...
 172. Short-Term Effects of Health-Care Coverage Legisla...
 171. Licensure of a 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Va...
 170. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children Be...
 169. Meningococcal Outbreak, Greater Aachen Region, Ger...
 168. Effects of Mumps Outbreak in Hospital | CDC EID
 167. Are Patient-Held Vaccination Records Associated Wi...
 166. Vaccines: Events/NIIW/2010 Activities
 165. Stroke rehabilitation [5/5] and community reintegr...
 164. Stroke rehabilitation [4/5] and community reintegr...
 163. Stroke rehabilitation [3/5] and community reintegr...
 162. Stroke rehabilitation [2/5] and community reintegr...
 161. Stroke rehabilitation [1/5] and community reintegr...
 160. Vaginal Birth After Cesarean: New Insights: Struct...
 159. potential expanded access programs with direct-act...
 158. NEJM -- Use of the Thyroid Hormone Analogue Eproti...
 157. DÍA MUNDIAL DEL RIÑÓN: 11 de marzo de 2010 - Intra...
 156. DIA MUNDIAL DEL RIÑÓN: 11 de marzo de 2010 / Intra...
 155. febuxostat - EPARs for authorised medicinal produc...
 154. SCREENING FOR LIPID DISORDERS IN ADULTS - NGC - Co...
 153. Selected topics in stroke management. [4/4] Vascul...
 152. Selected topics in stroke management. [3/4] Should...
 151. Selected topics in stroke management. [2/4] Identi...
 150. Selected topics in stroke management. [1/4] Dyspha...
 149. Public awareness and patient education. [2/2] Publ...
 148. Public awareness and patient education. [1/2] Pati...
 147. Prevention of stroke [7/7]. Lipid management. In: ...
 146. Prevention of stroke [6/7]. Lifestyle and risk fac...
 145. Prevention of stroke [5/7]. Diabetes management. I...
 144. Prevention of stroke [4/7]. Carotid intervention. ...
 143. Prevention of stroke [3/7]. Blood pressure managem...
 142. Prevention of stroke [2/7]. Antithrombotic therapy...
 141. Prevention of stroke. [1/7] Antiplatelet therapy. ...
 140. Vaccinating Children Against Flu Helps Protect Wid...
 139. FDA Approves Botox to Treat Spasticity in Flexor M...
 138. lapatinib tablets by FDA
 137. CDER NEWS by FDA
 136. National Children's Mental Health Awareness Day
 135. Hyperacute stroke management. Neurovascular imagin...
 134. Hyperacute stroke management. Management of subara...
 133. Hyperacute stroke management. Emergency medical se...
 132. Hyperacute stroke management. Blood glucose abnorm...
 131. Hyperacute stroke management. Acute thrombolytic t...
 130. Hyperacute stroke management. Acute management of ...
 129. Hyperacute stroke management. Acute ASA therapy. I...
 128. Acute inpatient stroke care. Components of acute i...
 127. Acute inpatient stroke care. Stroke unit care. In:...
 126. Revised American Thyroid Association Management Gu...
 125. Pharmacologic treatment of spasticity in children ...
 124. 2009-2010 Influenza Season Week 8 ending February ...
 123. WHO - Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 90
 122. Chicago Journals - Clinical Infectious Diseases
 121. Human Medicines - Herbal Medicinal Products - Adop...
 120. European Medicines Agency - Human Medicines - Orph...
 119. HIDROCARBUROS AROMÁTICOS POLICÍCLICOS, CONTAMINACI...
 118. METANOL, INTOXICACIÓN, MUERTES - PERÚ (CALLAO) ISI...
 117. INFECCIONES consecuentes al terremoto - ISID / CHI...
 116. FDA Approves Therapy to Treat Gaucher Disease
 115. CDC H1N1 Flu | Q&A: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveil...
 114. Clinical and economic outcomes attributable to hea...
 113. AHRQ Patient Safety Network: Initiative to Reduce ...
 112. WHO | Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 89
 111. Strontium ranelate [2] - EPARs for authorised medi...
 110. ulipristal - EPARs for authorised medicinal produc...
 109. mifamurtide - Authorised Medicines for Human Use...
 108. Strontium ranelate - EPARs for authorised medicina...
 107. FDA Expands Commitment to Patients with Rare Disea...
 106. Submission of Documentation in Applications for Pa...
 105. Adaptive Design Clinical Trials for Drugs and Biol...
 104. Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Preterm Infants
 103. Lead: Health Studies & Clinical Trials
 102. Vol. 16, No. 3 Cover: The Fleas of Fleas | CDC EID...
 101. Murine Typhus, Texas, USA | CDC EID
 100. Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. in Ticks ...
 099. R. helvetica in Patient with Meningitis | CDC EID
 098. Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis, Brazil | CDC EI...
 097. Rickettsia felis, West Indies | CDC EID
 096. Rickettsia africae, Western Africa | CDC EID
 095. Rabies and Postexposure Prophylaxis | CDC EID
 094. Vaccines: Recs/Provisional/Provisional Recs main p...
 093. Baxter HomeChoice and HomeChoice PRO Automated Per...
 092. Research Activities, February 2010: Emergency Care...
 091. Research Activities, February 2010: Emergency Care...
 090. Research Activities, February 2010: Child/Adolesce...
 089. Research Activities, February 2010: Child/Adolesce...
 088. European Medicines Agency - Human Medicines - Orph...
 087. Ibandronic acid - EPARs for authorised medicinal...
 086. SafeYouth.org - Violence Prevention Topics - Girls...
 085. WHO CGMP FDA GUIDELINES PHARMACEUTICAL VALIDATION ...
 084. Facilidades para la formación en endoscopia gastro...
 083. Alerta: Exceso de exposición a la radiación en los...
 082. ¿Qué tal que usted pudiera descargar artículos de ...
 081. Anestesia: Manejo de la vía aérea ante intubación ...
 080. Aspiración de secreciones en el niño intubado
 079. Management of the PTCC Nonclinical Biologics Subco...
 078. follitropin beta - Authorised Medicines for Human ...
 077. aliskiren - EPARs for authorised medicinal produ...
 076. CDC Novel H1N1 Flu |CDC Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Inf...
 075. Immune Globulin Subcutaneous (Human), 20% Liquid -...
 074. Drug Information Update - FDA Approves Name Change...
 073. Brain Injury Awareness Month --- March 2010
 072. World Kidney Day --- March 11
 071. Announcements: Ground Water Awareness Week --- Mar...
 070. New WISQARS Fatal Injury Mapping Module
 069. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Activity --- United St...
 068. Severe Isoniazid-Associated Liver Injuries Among P...
 067. Identifying Infants with Hearing Loss --- United S...
 066. Malaria Acquired in Haiti --- 2010
 065. Medical, Statistical, and Clinical Pharmacology Re...
 064. FDA Approves First Generic Tamsulosin to Treat Enl...
 063. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica ...
 062. rosiglitazone - EPARs for authorised medicinal pro...
 061. Eptifibatide - EPARs for authorised medicinal prod...
 060. Zoledronic acid - EPARs for authorised medicinal p...
 059. Trastuzumab - EPARs for authorised medicinal produ...
 058. Potential for Tick-borne Bartonelloses | CDC EID
 057. Bartonella spp. and Ticks | CDC EID
 056. The Office on Women's Health Presents the Latest i...
 055. The Office on Women's Health Presents the Latest i...
 054. Split influenza virus, inactivated, containing ant...
 053. Etanercept - EPARs for authorised medicinal produc...
 052. Brote de leptospirosis ya causó seis muertes
 051. Exposures to Agents in BSL-3 and BSL-4 | CDC EID
 050. WNV and American White Pelicans | CDC EID
 049. Chikungunya Virus during Pregnancy | CDC EID
 048. Cost Analysis of WNV Outbreak | CDC EID
 047. Rare H3N2 Variants | CDC EID
 046. Infection of Squirrel Monkeys with Nipah Virus | C...
 045. Banna Virus, China | CDC EID
 044. Bluetongue Virus in Red Deer | CDC EID
 043. Tick-borne Encephalitis, Slovakia | CDC EID
 042. Rabies and Postexposure Prophylaxis | CDC EID
 041. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus in Domestic Cat | CDC E...
 040. School Closure and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Hong Kong...
 039. Putative New Lineage of West Nile Virus, Spain | C...
 038. VEE and Human Deaths | CDC EID
 037. PARV4-like Virus in Blood Products | CDC EID
 036. Measles Outbreak, the Netherlands, 2008 | CDC EID
 035. Neurologic Manifestations of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 ...
 034. Transmission of West Nile Virus during Horse Autop...
 033. Breeding Sites of Bluetongue Virus Vectors, Belgiu...
 032. Two Lineages of Dengue Virus Type 2, Brazil | CDC ...
 031. Human Herpesvirus 8, Southern Siberia | CDC EID
 030. Medication Guides by FDA
 029. 2010 Biological License Application Approvals
 028. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Opportunity f...
 027. Comment Key Questions - AHRQ Effective Health Care...
 026. Human normal immunoglobulin (IVIg) - EPARs for hum...
 025. ACIP Provisional Recommendations for the Use of In...
 024. Survey Shows Gains in Food-Label Use, Health/Diet ...
 023. Navigating the Health Care System: Comparing Blood...
 022. European Medicines Agency - Human Medicines - Medi...
 021. Serologic Markers for Detecting Malaria in Areas o...
 020. Quinine-Resistant Malaria in Traveler Returning fr...
 019. Increasing Skin Infections and Staphylococcus aure...
 018. Global Origin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the...
 017. Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculo...
 016. Characterization and Qualification of Cell Substra...
 015. DROGAS HUÉRFANAS: Nuevas designaciones Enero y Feb...
 014. The Nikolas Symposium and Research
 013. Las enfermedades raras han de tomarse en serio (EN...
 012. VI Conferencia Internacional sobre Enfermedades Ra...
 011. New AHRQ Evidence Report on Lactose Intolerance an...
 010. New AHRQ Evidence Report on Colorectal Cancer Scre...
 009. AHRQ News and Numbers - February 26, 2010, Issue #...
 008. Hospital-Based Ambulatory Surgery, 2007 - AHRQ HCU...
 007. Guideline 113: Diagnosis and pharmacological manag...
 006. Guideline 115: Management of obesity
 005. Guideline 114: Non-pharmaceutical management of de...
 004. SCREENING FOR AND MANAGEMENT OF CHLAMYDIAL INFECTI...
 003. Improving the diagnosis and treatment of smear-neg...
 002. Respiratory tract infections - antibiotic prescrib...
 001. Coeliac disease. Recognition and assessment of coe...
 000. Lipid modification. Cardiovascular risk assessment...
 00i. Type 2 diabetes. The management of type 2 diabetes...
 0ii. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and...
 iii. Guidelines on TaT1 (non-muscle invasive) bladder c...
 00x. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in...
 0xx. Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interv...
 xxx. Clinical policy: critical issues in the management...
 00y. IntraMed - Artículos - ¿Cuál es su diagnóstico XII...
 0yy. e- Boletín DROGAS Y MEDICAMENTOS // Año Nº I - Nº ...
o ► febrero (345)
o ► enero (510)
• ► 2009 (4504)

A High Proportion of DNA Variants of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Is Associated with Aberrant Splicing in Breast/Ovarian Cancer Patients


A High Proportion of DNA Variants of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Is Associated with Aberrant Splicing in Breast/Ovarian Cancer Patients
David J. Sanz1, Alberto Acedo1, Mar Infante1, Mercedes Durán1, Lucía Pérez-Cabornero1, Eva Esteban-Cardeñosa2, Enrique Lastra3, Franco Pagani4, Cristina Miner1 and Eladio A. Velasco1

+ Author Affiliations

Authors' Affiliations:1Grupo de Genetica del Cancer, Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; 2Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Servicio de Biopatologia Clinica, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; 3Servicio de Oncologia, Complejo Hospitalario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain; and 4International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy

Corresponding Author:
Eladio A. Velasco, Grupo de Genética del Cáncer (B-7), Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-UVa, Sanz y Forés s/n, 47003 Valladolid, Spain. Phone: 34-98318480; Fax: 34-983184800; E-mail: eavelsam@ibgm.uva.es.
Abstract
Purpose: Most BRCA1/2 mutations are of unknown clinical relevance. An increasing amount of evidence indicates that there can be deleterious effects through the disruption of the splicing process. We have investigated the effect of aberrant splicing of BRCA1/2 on hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC).

Experimental Design: DNA variants were analyzed with splicing prediction programs to select putative splicing mutations. Splicing assays of 57 genetic variants were done by lymphocyte reverse transcription-PCR and/or hybrid minigenes in HeLa and nontumor breast epithelial cells.

Results: Twenty-four BRCA1/2 variants of Spanish HBOC patients were bioinformatically preselected. Functional assays showed that 12 variants induced anomalous splicing patterns, 6 of which accounted for 58.5% of BRCA1 families. To further evaluate the defective splicing of BRCA1/2, we analyzed 31 Breast Cancer Information Core Database (BIC) and two artificial variants that were generated by mutagenesis. Sixteen variants induced different degrees of aberrant splicing. Altogether, anomalous splicing was caused by 28 BRCA1/2 variants of all types, indicating that any DNA change can disrupt pre-mRNA processing. We show that a wide range of regulatory elements can be involved, including the canonical and cryptic splice sites, the polypyrimidine tract, and splicing enhancers/silencers. Twenty mutations were predicted to truncate the BRCA proteins and/or to delete essential domains, thus supporting a role in HBOC.

Conclusions: An important fraction of DNA variants of BRCA1/2 presents splicing aberrations that may represent a relevant disease-causing mechanism in HBOC. The identification of splicing disruptions by functional assays is a valuable tool to discriminate between benign polymorphisms and pathogenic mutations. Clin Cancer Res; 16(6); 1957–67
open here please:
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/16/6/1957.abstract

Applying the GRADE Approach: Perspective from the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health


Expert Commentary
Perspective

Applying the GRADE Approach: Perspective from the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health

By: Denis Bélanger, B.Sc.Phm., ACPR


Dr. Ned Calonge raises some very good points in his Expert Commentary on the GRADE approach. In addition to the groups he identified that use GRADE, the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) also applies GRADE for generating recommendations. To date, recommendations on insulin analogues and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) have been developed by our expert review committee, known as COMPUS Expert Review Committee (CERC). CERC develops recommendations and advice with the aim of promoting optimal drug therapy and fostering a sustainable health care system for Canadians. CERC considers the practical needs of policy makers, health care providers, and consumers who will be implementing and using the recommendations.

While applying GRADE, CADTH researchers and CERC members have encountered both advantages and challenges that we would like to share.

From our perspective, the early engagement of the expert committee in identifying critical outcomes for generating a recommendation is a significant advantage. As CERC is responsible for making a recommendation, it is useful for members to be involved in determining what evidence will be required for the committee to fulfill its mandate, and the list of outcomes helps CADTH researchers compile all relevant information from available evidence. With this step in place, the research team avoids guessing about which outcomes should be reported or excluded from the analyses.

Traditional means of assessing quality of evidence focus on individual studies. In contrast, the GRADE process appraises the overall quality of evidence available for each outcome of interest. Quality of evidence can vary across outcomes reported in the same study, since some outcomes may be more prone to bias than others. For example, ascertainment bias due to lack of blinding is more likely for a subjective outcome, such as quality of life, than for an objective outcome, such as plasma glucose concentration. The GRADE approach provides a clear picture of the confidence that the expert committee has in the results for each outcome.

For CADTH, the clarification of how evidence is presented to CERC and how CERC arrives at a specific recommendation is an additional benefit of the GRADE process. The fact that CERC must discuss and visibly disclose the values and preferences around its recommendation helps our audiences better understand the recommendation. This explanation also helps the reader compare his or her values against those of the committee. A reader who places more importance on a value that is aligned with CERC is more likely to adopt the recommendation. For example, a recommendation encouraging the use of a specific agent because of improved safety profile (e.g., significantly less weight gain than the comparators) would be more appealing to consumers who place more value on avoiding the specific side effect. Likewise, a reader with values and preferences that differ from CERC can better judge whether he or she wishes to adopt the recommendation.

While the process for developing GRADE evidence profiles is very well documented by the GRADE Working Group, the process a committee uses to move from evidence to recommendations is not as well defined. The challenge faced by groups and organizations who want to adopt GRADE is how to operationalize GRADE at the Panel/Committee level. To address this challenge, CADTH describes the process that CERC used to generate recommendations in our published optimal therapy recommendation reports on insulin analogues (1) and self-monitoring of blood glucose (2). With each project, we identify opportunities for improved transparency and efficiencies for developing and presenting the evidence, as well as developing, documenting and presenting recommendations.

In our experience, the GRADE process has provided CADTH with a sound and consistent way of approaching the development of recommendations. Regular contact between GRADE Working Group members, CERC members, and CADTH researchers so that they may exchange ideas and share challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned proves invaluable to the successful implementation of GRADE in our work.

Author

Denis Bélanger, B.Sc.Phm., ACPR
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH)

Disclaimer

The views and opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily state or reflect those of the National Guideline Clearinghouse™ (NGC), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), or its contractor ECRI Institute.

Potential Conflicts of Interest

Denis Bélanger is the Director, Topics and Research for the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). In addition, he lists the Canadian Association for Population Therapeutics as a professional affiliation. He states no financial or personal conflicts of interest.

References

Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Optimal therapy recommendations for the prescribing and use of insulin analogues. Optimal Therapy Report - COMPUS 2009;2(7). Available: http://www.cadth.ca/media/pdf/compus_IA_OT_rec_report.pdf (accessed 2010 Mar 12).
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Optimal therapy recommendations for the prescribing and use of blood glucose test strips. Optimal Therapy Report - COMPUS 2009;3(6). Available: http://www.cadth.ca/media/pdf/compus_BGTS_OT_Rec_e.pdf (accessed 2010 Mar 12).

American Society of Clinical Oncology Titles


American Society of Clinical Oncology

1. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2008 clinical practice guideline update: use of chemotherapy and radiation therapy protectants. This updates a previously published guideline summary.

GUIDELINE TITLE
American Society of Clinical Oncology 2008 clinical practice guideline update: use of chemotherapy and radiation therapy protectants.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S)
Hensley ML, Hagerty KL, Kewalramani T, Green DM, Meropol NJ, Wasserman TH, Cohen GI, Emami B, Gradishar WJ, Mitchell RB, Thigpen JT, Trotti A 3rd, von Hoff D, Schuchter LM. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2008 clinical practice guideline update: use of chemotherapy and radiation therapy protectants. J Clin Oncol 2009 Jan 1;27(1):127-45. [50 references] PubMed


GUIDELINE STATUS
This is the most current release of the guideline.

This guideline updates a previously released version: Schuchter LM, Hensley ML, Meropol NJ, Winer EP. 2002 update of recommendations for the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy protectants: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2002 Jun 15;20(12):2895-903. [28 references] PubMed

open here to see the full-text:
http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=15228&nbr=&string=


2. American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update on the use of pharmacologic interventions including tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibition for breast cancer risk reduction. This updates a previously published guideline summary.

GUIDELINE TITLE
American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update on the use of pharmacologic interventions including tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibition for breast cancer risk reduction.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S)
Visvanathan K, Chlebowski RT, Hurley P, Col NF, Ropka M, Collyar D, Morrow M, Runowicz C, Pritchard KI, Hagerty K, Arun B, Garber J, Vogel VG, Wade JL, Brown P, Cuzick J, Kramer BS, Lippman SM, American Society of Clinical Oncology. American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update on the use of pharmacologic interventions including tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibition for breast cancer risk reduction. J Clin Oncol 2009 Jul 1;27(19):3235-58. [127 references] PubMed


GUIDELINE STATUS
This is the current release of the guideline.

This guideline updates a previous version: Chlebowski RT, Col N, Winer EP, Collyar DE, Cummings SR, Vogel VG 3rd, Burstein HJ, Eisen A, Lipkus I, Pfister DG. American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment of pharmacologic interventions for breast cancer risk reduction including tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibition. J Clin Oncol 2002 Aug 1;20(15):3328-43. [119 references] PubMed

open here to see the full-text:
http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=15229&nbr=&string=


3. Use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors for prostate cancer chemoprevention: American Society of Clinical Oncology-American Urological Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guideline.

GUIDELINE TITLE
Use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors for prostate cancer chemoprevention: American Society of Clinical Oncology-American Urological Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guideline.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S)
Kramer BS, Hagerty KL, Justman S, Somerfield MR, Albertsen PC, Blot WJ, Ballentine Carter H, Costantino JP, Epstein JI, Godley PA, Harris RP, Wilt TJ, Wittes J, Zon R, Schellhammer P, American Society of Clinical Oncology Health Services Committee, American Urological Association Practice Guidelines Committee. Use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors for prostate cancer chemoprevention: American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Urological Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2009 Mar 20;27(9):1502-16. [51 references] PubMed


GUIDELINE STATUS
This is the current release of the guideline.

open here to see the full-text:
http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=15227&nbr=&string=

Alcohol Consumption & Cancer Risk


Alcohol Consumption & Cancer Risk
Full Title: Alcohol Consumption and Cancer Risk: Understanding the Possible Causal Mechanisms Explaining the Increased Risk of Breast and Colorectal Cancer with Alcohol Consumption
Evidence-based Practice Center Systematic Review Protocol
Expected Release Date: late 2010


Contents
Background
Scope
Key Questions
Analytic Framework
Objective
Disposition of the Documents Identified by Literature Searches
Methods
References
Summary of Protocol Amendments
Appendix 1



-------------
Background

Alcohol consumption is highly prevalent in the general U.S. population. The 2008 prevalence and trends data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System indicated that about 54% of U.S. adults had consumed alcohol within the past 30 days.1 Though moderate alcohol consumption may have some potential health benefits, worldwide, alcohol consumption has been identified as one of the major risks for increasing the burden of disease.2 Several epidemiologic studies have reported moderate to strong associations between the level of alcohol consumption and the incidence of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver.3-7 Observed associations of alcohol consumption and cancer, however, can be confounded by other risk factors for cancer, such as age, smoking, family history, physical condition, and race or ethnicity.8-11

Although the association between alcohol and breast and colorectal cancer is comparatively less strong than the association with the cancers named above, given the high prevalence and incidence of breast and colorectal cancer, reducing the effect of any contributing factor may have a large overall impact on cancer incidence and prevalence.4-6,8,12-17 Because of the high prevalence of alcohol consumption, exploring the potential underlying mechanism(s) of the association between alcohol consumption and breast and colorectal cancers is essential in developing primary preventive measures. Since alcohol consumption is a modifiable behavior,18 recommending and promoting changes in behavior and appropriate preventive interventions may help reduce cancer risks in the general population.



Scope
The purpose of this report is to systematically and objectively synthesize evidence from the basic science literature to clarify the possible causal mechanisms by which alcohol could contribute to cancer risk, focusing on breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Although an integration of typical epidemiological studies with more basic biological literature has value, the scope of this project is confined to potential pathophysiological/toxicological mechanisms of action and not on the societal determinants of drinking alcohol. Epidemiological data, however, may provide insight into the dose/response relationship.

Apart from alcohol and water, the exact composition of most drinks on the market remains confidential and is not available to the general public.18 Therefore, the scope of this report is limited to ethanol. Other compounds (or contaminants) found in various alcoholic beverages that may play a role in the development of breast and colorectal cancers are outside the scope of this report. These compounds include nitrosamines, aflatoxins, polyphenols, ethyl carbamate (urethane), asbestos, and arsenic compounds, and more.3,16,19,20



Key Questions
1. What are the likely causal mechanisms by which alcohol contributes to the development of breast cancer? Which of the possible mechanisms (e.g., induction of p450 cytochromes and carcinogen metabolism, effects on blood hormone concentrations, effect of acetaldehyde or other alcohol metabolite on apoptosis and DNA repair, interactive effects on other nutritional factors, or others) are likely to be most important in breast cancer development?

2. For the most likely mechanisms of action involving alcohol and the development of breast cancer, how might other factors modify the effect of alcohol on breast cancer (for example, age, latency of effect, intensity, duration, and recency of exposure, presence of co-carcinogens, presence of threshold effect)? Do the causal mechanisms vary by cell type or other tumor characteristics?

3. What are the likely causal mechanisms by which alcohol contributes to the development of colorectal cancer? Which of the possible mechanisms (e.g., induction of p450 cytochromes and carcinogen metabolism, effects on blood hormone concentrations, effect of acetaldehyde or other alcohol metabolite on apoptosis and DNA repair, interactive effects on other nutritional factors, or others) are likely to be most important in colorectal cancer development?

4. For the most likely mechanisms of action involving alcohol and the development of colorectal cancer, how might other factors modify the effect of alcohol on colorectal cancer (for example, age, latency of effect, intensity, duration, and recency of exposure, presence of co-carcinogens, presence of threshold effect)? Do the causal mechanisms vary by cell type or other tumor characteristics?


Analytic Framework
Figures 1 and 2 are analytic frameworks that diagram the linkage between alcohol and cancer induction of either breast or colorectal cancer in humans or animals. The linkage between alcohol and cancer induction is through either risk factors related to alcohol (KQ 2 for breast cancer and KQ4 for colon cancer) or through alcohol metabolites (KQ1 for breast cancer and KQ3 for colorectal cancer). The mechanism of the relationship is to be examined within studies of human or animal isolated organs and cells, which may include studies of whole humans or animals or through studies on cell lines.



Alcohol Consumption & Cancer Risk
Figure 1: Analytical Framework for Breast Cancer (Text Description)
The Analytical Framework begins with two text boxes captioned "Whole Human or Whole Animal" and "Cell lines." Arrows point from these two boxes to a third box captioned "Human or Animal Isolated Organs and Cells"; an arrow points from this box to another captioned "Alcohol."

Three arrows point away from "Alcohol." The uppermost of these is a broken grey line, pointing to a box that reads "Other Risk Factors" and captioned KQ (Key Question) 2. The middle arrow is also a broken grey line, pointing to a box that reads "Cancer induction." The lowest arrow is a solid black line, pointing to a box that reads "Alcohol metabolites" and captioned KQ 1. Broken grey line ending in arrows also point from "Other Risk Factors" and "Alcohol metabolites" to "Cancer induction."

An arrow with a solid black line points away from "Cancer induction" to an ovoid captioned "Breast Cancer."



Alcohol Consumption & Cancer Risk
Figure 2: Analytical Framework for Colorectal Cancer (Text Description)
The Analytical Framework begins with two text boxes captioned "Whole Human or Whole Animal" and "Cell lines." Arrows point from these two boxes to a third box captioned "Human or Animal Isolated Organs and Cells"; an arrow points from this box to another captioned "Alcohol."

Three arrows point away from "Alcohol." The uppermost of these is a broken grey line, pointing to a box that reads "Other Risk Factors" and captioned KQ (Key Question) 4. The middle arrow is also a broken grey line, pointing to a box that reads "Cancer induction." The lowest arrow is a solid black line, pointing to a box that reads "Alcohol metabolites" and captioned KQ 3. Broken grey line ending in arrows also point from "Other Risk Factors" and "Alcohol metabolites" to "Cancer induction."

An arrow with a solid black line points away from "Cancer induction" to an ovoid captioned "Colorectal Cancer."





Objective
The purpose of our assessment is not to determine the exact extent to which alcohol is a risk factor for breast and colorectal cancers, but instead to explore the possible underlying causal mechanism(s) of the association between alcohol consumption and breast and colorectal cancers (see broken arrows from alcohol to cancer induction in analytical framework above).


Disposition of the Documents Identified by Literature Searches
Figure 3 is a flow chart depicting the pathway by which identified documents may be excluded at various levels, including the abstract or full document level, before being included in the report. Of those documents included in the report, some may be included in background or future research sections, such as those describing mechanisms of basic cancer, breast cancer, or colorectal cancer, alcohol metabolism, epidemiology of alcohol or cancer, or other components of alcoholic drinks. The remaining documents that would be included in the evidence base would be comprised of human studies with tissue/biochemical/histopathology analysis, whole animal models, animal tissue, human cell lines, non-human cell lines.




Alcohol Consumption & Cancer Risk
Figure 3: Flow chart depicting the pathway by which identified documents may be excluded at various levels (Text Description)
The flow chart begins with "Documents identified"; an arrow points down to a rhombus labeled "Abstracts Screened." Two arrows point from "Abstracts Screened," one to "Documents excluded at the abstract level" and the other to "Full documents retrieved."

An arrow points down from "Full documents retrieved" to a rhombus labeled "Full documents reviewed." Two arrows point from "Full documents reviewed," one to "Documents excluded at the full document level" and the other to "Documents to be included in the report."

An arrow points down from "Documents to be included in the report" to a rhombus labeled "Full documents reviewed for inclusion in the evidence base." Two arrows point from "Full documents reviewed," one to "Documents to be included in the background or future research sections of the report: Basic cancer mechanisms; Breast cancer mechanisms; Colorectal cancer mechanisms; Alcohol metabolism; Epidemiology studies of alcohol and cancer; Other components of alcoholic drinks." The other arrow points down to "Studies addressing the key questions; this constitutes the evidence base of the report: Human studies with tissue/biochemical/histopathology analysis; Whole animal models; Animal tissue; Human cell lines; Non-human cell lines."



Study Selection
We will use the following formal criteria to determine which studies will be included in our analysis.

Any study, regardless of design, that provides data on the possible causal mechanism(s) of any association between alcohol consumption and breast and colorectal cancers in any population setting, including humans, animals and in vitro experimental studies.


Methods
Given that this report will be examining proposed hypotheses rather than testing them, we will be providing an overview of the evidence on physiological and biochemical mechanisms by categorizing and synthesizing information on identified causal mechanisms in order to determine which mechanisms have the most supporting evidence.

The members of the Technical Expert Panel (TEP) proposed several methods for evaluating studies using animals, tissues, or cells as the primary experimental model.

^ Evidence from interventional studies offer the most compelling evidence that a mechanism/pathway is directly involved in increasing cancer risk with alcohol intake.
º Interventional studies that directly interfere with a pathway or mechanism suspected of linking alcohol intake to an increase in cancer risk will be considered of higher internal validity than observational studies describing an association between alcohol intake and cancer. An interventional study would test the hypothesis that alcohol intake would increase cancer risk when a particular pathway is intact, but not when the pathway is blocked.
^ Use of alcohol concentration levels in animal studies that far exceed levels that occur in humans will be considered of low applicability.
^ Cell lines should be appropriate to the study of breast and colorectal cancer in humans.
^ The use of carcinogens, co-carcinogens, and other agents should be appropriate to the study of breast and colorectal cancer in humans.


References
1. Prevalence and trends data. Nationwide (states, DC, and territories) [internet]. Altanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2008. [accessed 2009 Aug 21]. 2008 alcohol consumption: adults who have had at least one drink of alcohol within the past 30 days. [2 p]. Available: http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/index.asp.

2. WHO. Global status report on alcohol 2004. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO); 2004. 94 p.

3. Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Altieri A, Cogliano V, WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. Carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages. Lancet Oncol 2007 Apr;8(4):292-3. PMID: 17431955

4. Poschl G, Seitz HK. Alcohol and cancer. Alcohol Alcohol 2004 May-Jun;39(3):155-65. PMID: 15082451

5. Giovannucci E. Alcohol, one-carbon metabolism, and colorectal cancer: recent insights from molecular studies. J Nutr 2004 Sep;134(9):2475S-81S. PMID: 15333745

6. Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K, Rohan T, Calle EE, Heath CW Jr, Coates RJ, Liff JM, Talamini R, Chantarakul N, Koetsawang S, Rachawat D, Morabia A, Schuman L, Stewart W, Szklo M, Bain C, Schofield F, Siskind V, Band P, Coldman AJ, Gallagher RP, Hislop TG, Yang P, Kolonel LM, Nomura AM, Hu J, Johnson. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer—collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer 2002 Nov 18;87(11):1234-45. PMID: 12439712

7. O'Hanlon LH. Studies seek molecular clues on alcohol's role in cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005 Nov 2;97(21):1563-4. PMID: 16264173

8. Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Ritz J, van den Brandt PA, Colditz GA, Folsom AR, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Holmberg L, Kim DH, Malila N, Miller AB, Pietinen P, Rohan TE, Sellers TA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Wolk A, Hunter DJ. Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 cohort studies. Ann Intern Med 2004 Apr 20;140(8):603-13. PMID: 15096331

9. Key TJ, Schatzkin A, Willett WC, Allen NE, Spencer EA, Travis RC. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of cancer. Public Health Nutr 2004 Feb;7(1A):187-200. PMID: 14972060

10. Schatzkin A, Longnecker MP. Alcohol and breast cancer. Where are we now and where do we go from here? Cancer 1994 Aug 1;74(3 Suppl):1101-10. PMID: 8039145

11. Seitz HK, Stickel F. Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-mediated carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2007 Aug;7(8):599-612. PMID: 17646865

12. Zhang Y, Kreger BE, Dorgan JF, Splansky GL, Cupples LA, Ellison RC. Alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer: the Framingham Study revisited. Am J Epidemiol 1999 Jan 15;149(2):93-101. PMID: 9921953

13. Feigelson HS, Jonas CR, Robertson AS, McCullough ML, Thun MJ, Calle EE. Alcohol, folate, methionine, and risk of incident breast cancer in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003 Feb;12(2):161-4. PMID: 12582027

14. Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, van den Brandt PA, Folsom AR, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Holmberg L, Howe GR, Marshall JR, Miller AB, Potter JD, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Wolk A, Hunter DJ. Alcohol and breast cancer in women: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. JAMA 1998 Feb 18;279(7):535-40. PMID: 9480365

15. Purohit V, Khalsa J, Serrano J. Mechanisms of alcohol-associated cancers: introduction and summary of the symposium. Alcohol 2005 Apr;35(3):155-60. PMID: 16054976

16. Seitz HK, Simanowski UA. Alcohol and carcinogenesis. Annu Rev Nutr 1988;8:99-119. PMID: 3060182

17. Singletary K. Ethanol and experimental breast cancer: a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997 Apr;21(2):334-9. PMID: 9113272

18. Lilla C, Koehler T, Kropp S, Wang-Gohrke S, Chang-Claude J. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) genotype, alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk by age 50 years in a German case-control study. Br J Cancer 2005 Jun 6;92(11):2039-41. PMID: 15886702

19. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Alcoholic beverage consumption. Known to be a human carcinogen. Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. 2 p.

20. Monteiro R, Calhau C, Silva AO, Pinheiro-Silva S, Guerreiro S, Gartner F, Azevedo I, Soares R. Xanthohumol inhibits inflammatory factor production and angiogenesis in breast cancer xenografts. J Cell Biochem 2008 Aug 1;104(5):1699-707. PMID: 18348194



Summary of Protocol Amendments
In the event of protocol amendments, the date of each amendment will be accompanied by a description of the change and the rationale.

Note: The following protocol elements are standard procedures for all protocols.

Review of Key Questions
For Comparative Effectiveness reviews the key questions were posted for public comment and finalized after review of the comments. For other systematic reviews, key questions submitted by partners are reviewed and refined as needed by the EPC and the Technical Expert Panel (TEP) to assure that the questions are specific and explicit about what information is being reviewed.

Technical Expert Panel (TEP)
A TEP panel is selected to provide broad expertise and perspectives specific to the topic under development. Divergent and conflicted opinions are common and perceived as health scientific discourse that results in a thoughtful, relevant systematic review. Therefore study questions, design and/or methodological approaches do not necessarily represent the views of individual technical and content experts. The TEP provides information to the EPC to identify literature search strategies, review the draft report and recommend approaches to specific issues as requested by the EPC. The TEP does not do analysis of any kind nor contribute to the writing of the report.

Peer Review (Standard Language)
Approximately five experts in the field will be asked to peer review the draft report and provide comments. The peer reviewer may represent stakeholder groups such as professional or advocacy organizations with knowledge of the topic. On some specific reports such as reports requested by the Office of Medical Applications of Research, National Institutes of Health there may be other rules that apply regarding participation in the peer review process. Peer review comments on the preliminary draft of the report are considered by the EPC in preparation of the final draft of the report. The synthesis of the scientific literature presented in the final report does not necessarily represent the views of individual reviewers. The dispositions of the peer review comments are documented and will, for Comparative Effectiveness Reviews (CERs) and Technical Briefs, be published three months after the publication of the Evidence Report.

It is our policy not to release the names of the peer reviewers or TEP panel members until the report is published so that they can maintain their objectivity during the review process.


Evidence-based Practice Center: ECRI Institute

Current as of March 2010


------------------
Internet Citation:

Alcohol Consumption and Cancer Risk, Review Protocol. March 2010. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/tp/alccantp.htm
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/tp/alccantp.htm